of Agriculture, which would thereafter be known as the US Forest Service. In 1905, forest reserves were transferred to the Division of Forestry in the US Dept. The initial set-aside as a reserve was to keep the land from being used by individuals, but after several years of protest over access and use (mostly over grazing rights of sheepherders), in 1897 the lands began to be managed more directly by the General Land Office of the United States, and by the Division of Forestry in the US Dept. In 1893, the rugged and forested canyons containing these mining explorations were included in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve of Oregon.
Investments into road-building, hard-rock shafts and adits, and ore-processing and refining mill works have extended into millions of dollars, but the total production between 18 was reported as just over $25,000. Beginning in 1860, hundreds of mining claims were filed, and most associated documents spoke of the great promise of the area. MinersĬirca 1859, miners explored the valley of the Little North Santiam River and discovered gold and other precious metals. Many still spend summers in the forests of the Western Cascades, digging camas roots, picking huckleberries and visiting long-established family camping grounds. Modern descendants of the ancestral Santiam Molalla and Santiam Kalapuya are citizens of the Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde, as well as citizens of the United States. As colonial pressure and white settlement grew, the Santiam bands of the Molalla and Kalapuya participated in the 1855 negotiation and signing of the Willamette Valley Treaty, whereby over 15 Indigenous groups ceded the majority of their aboriginal lands to the United States in exchange for a permanent reservation, annuities, supplies, educational instruction, vocational training, health services, and protection from violence by American settlers. Upper valleys and summits around the river confluence that would eventually come to be known as Jawbone Flats provided important summer foraging and hunting landscapes to these Indigenous bands, which also included pre-contact ridgeline and trans-montane trade routes connecting Tribes in all directions, such as the Whetstone Mountain Trail. Atlatl dart points, arrowheads and lithic scatter dating back thousands of years have been found within the Opal Creek watershed, including obsidian tools sourced to the Middle Sister area 50 miles to the southeast. These two bands of Indian people have lived on the forested landscapes of the Western Cascades since time immemorial. Indigenous PeoplesĪt Opal Creek Ancient Forest Center, we live, work, and play on lands that were traditionally inhabited by the Santiam Molalla, who lived in watersheds just upriver of the Santiam Kalapuya. Jawbone Flats has a long and rich history that begins long before the organization's inception. Situated in the stunning temperate rainforest of the Western Cascades, it's surrounded by towering old growth trees and 5,000-foot peaks.
Jawbone Flats is the historic base of operations for Opal Creek Ancient Forest Center.
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